GKC Infotech Institute

“Keep your face always toward the sunshine—and shadows will fall behind you.”

GKC Infotech Institute

“Extraordinary things are always hiding in places people never think to look.”

GKC Infotech Institute

“Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible.”

GKC Infotech Institute

“You can have it all. Just not all at once.”

GKC Infotech Institute

“Say something positive, and you’ll see something positive.”

ROHM Power Type Metal Resistors: PSR400/500 Series

Overview

PSR400/500The increasing computerization in the automotive and industrial markets, along with the rapidly expanding current control application sector and the trend towards high current circuit designs have increased demand for products with higher rated power.
The PSR Series is offered in the ultra-low resistance range from 0.2mΩ to 3mΩ and provides high rated power (4W, 5W), making it ideal for current detection in large-current applications.

Key Feature 1: High Rated Power

High Rated Power To support high power requirements and ensure high measurement accuracy even in the ultra-low-ohmic region (0.2mΩ), technology for bonding copper electrodes without variations is required. ROHM employed original precision welding technology to join the resistive metal to thick copper electrodes, achieving high heat capacity with excellent thermal dissipation characteristics. This increases power-handling capability (5W class) while improving productivity.

Features2:Superior temperature coefficient of resistance, even in the ultra-low-ohmic region

Superior temperature coefficient of resistance, even in the ultra-low-ohmic regionGenerally, as resistance value decreases the temperature coefficient of resistance increases. In response, ROHM utilized a high-performance alloy material for the resistive metal, ensuring superior temperature coefficient of resistance even at ultra-low resistances.

Application Circuit Examples

Application Circuit Examples

Low Ohmic Resistor Development Roadmap

Product Family
■PSR Series Lineup
Part No. Size
mm (inch)
Rated Power
(W) ※1
Resistance Tolerance Resistance Range
(mΩ)
emperature Coefficient of Resistance(TCR)
(ppm/℃) ※2
Operating Temp. Range
(℃)
NEW  PSR400 10 × 5.2
(3921)
4 J (±5%)
G (±2%)
F (±1%)
0.3, 0.5 ±175 -55 to +170
1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ±75
NEW  PSR500 15 × 7.75
(5931)
5 J (±5%)
G (±2%)
F (±1%)
0.2 ±225
0.3, 0.4, 0.5 ±150
1.0, 2.0 ±75
※1 at +70℃※2 +20℃~+125℃

Related Information

ROHM will continue to utilize the latest proprietary technologies to develop products and solutions that meet customer and market needs.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit

In the previous post we have  seen the circuit diagram of 9v battery charger circuit using LM311 and SCR .In this post let us see the circuit for recharging Lead-Acid battery using Solar panel.
Solar concept is not new for us. As non-renewable energy sources are decreasing, usage of solar energy is increased. This solar energy is not only used on the Earth but also used in space stations where no electrical power is available.
Here is the simple circuit to charge 12V, 1.3Ah rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the solar panel. This solar charger has current and voltage regulation and also has over voltage cut off facilities. This circuit may also be used to charge any battery at constant voltage because output voltage is adjustable.

Specifications of the Charging Circuit

  • Solar panel rating – 5W /17V
  • Output Voltage –Variable (5V – 14V).
  • Maximum output current – 0.29 Amps.
  • Drop out voltage- 2- 2.75V.
  • Voltage regulation: +/- 100mV
Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle:
Solar battery charger operated on the principle that the charge control circuit will produce the constant voltage. The charging current passes to LM317 voltage regulator through the diode D1. The output voltage and current are regulated by adjusting the adjust pin of LM317 voltage regulator. Battery is charged using the same current.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Diagram:

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Diagram
Solar Battery Charger Circuit Diagram
Circuit Components
  • Solar panel – 17V
  • LM317 voltage regulator
  • DC battery
  • Diode – 1n4007
  • Capacitor – 0.1uF
  • Schottky diode – 3A, 50V
  • Resistors – 220, 680 ohms
  • Pot – 2K
  • Connecting wires
LM317 Datasheet
Do you know about the concept – How an Automatic Battery Charger Circuit Works?

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design

Circuit must have adjustable voltage  regulator , so Variable voltage regulator LM317 is selected. Here LM317 can produce a voltage from 1.25 to 37 volts maximum and maximum current of 1.5 Amps.
Adjustable Voltage regulator has typical voltage drop of 2 V-2.5V .So Solar panel is selected such that it has more voltage than the load. Here I am selecting 17v/5w solar panel.
Lead acid battery which is used here has specification of 12v/1.3Ah. In order to charge this battery  following are required.
Schottky diode is  used to protect the LM317 and panel from reverse voltage generated by the battery when it is not charging. Any 3 A diode  can be used here.

For Charging 12V Battery

Output voltage
  • Set the output voltage to 14.5 volts(This voltage is specified on the battery as cycle use.)
Charging current
  • Charging current = Solar panel wattage/Solar Panel Voltage = 5 / 17 = 0.29A.
  • Here LM317 can provide current upto 1.5A .So it is recommended to use high wattage panels if more current is required for your application.(But here my battery requires initial current less than 0.39Amps. This initial current is also mentioned on the battery).
  • If the battery requires initial current more than 1.5A,it is not recommended to use LM317.
Time taken for charging
  • Time taken for charging = 1.3Ah/0.29A = 4.44hours.
Power dissipation
  •  Here solar panel has 5Watts
  • Power going into battery = 14.5*0.29 =4 watts
  • Thus 1 watt of  power  going  into  regulator.
All the above mentioned parameters have to be taken into account before charging a battery.
For 6V Application
Set the output voltage to 7.5-8 volts as specified on the battery.
calculate the charging current ,power dissipation as shown above.
Power Dissipation
In this project, power is limited because of the thermal resistance of LM317 voltage regulator and the heat sink. To keep the temperature below 125 degree Celsius, the power must be limited to 10W. LM317 voltage regulator internally has temperature limiting circuit so that if it gets too hot, it shuts down automatically.
When battery is charging, heat sink becomes warm. When completing the charging at maximum voltage, heat sink runs hot. This heat is because of excess power that not needed in the process of charging a battery.
Current Limiting:
As the solar panel provides constant current, it acts as a current limiter. Therefore the circuit does not need any current limiting.
Solar Charger Protection:
In this circuit, capacitor C1 protects from the static discharge. Diode D1 protects from the reverse polarity. And voltage regulator IC provides voltage and current regulation.
Solar Charger Specifications:
  • Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V)
  • Vout range: 5 to 14V
  • Maximum power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of schottky diode)
  • Typical drop out value: 2 to 2.75V (depends on load current)
  • Max current: 1.5A (internally it limited to 2.2A)
  • Voltage regulation: +/- 100mV

How to Operate this Solar Battery Charger Circuit?

  1. Give the connections according to the circuit diagram.
  2. Place the solar panel in sunlight.
  3. Now set the output voltage by adjusting pot RV1
  4. Check the battery voltage using digital multi meter.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Advantages:

  • Adjustable output voltage
  • Circuit is simple and inexpensive.
  • Circuit uses commonly available components.
  • Zero battery discharge when no sunlight on the solar panel.

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Applications:

Limitations of this Circuit:

  1. In this project current is limited to 1.5A.
  2. The circuit requires high drop-out voltage.

PC SMPS schematics with IC 2003 and TL494

What would you do if you have got a couple broken Switch Mode Power Supplies, a screw driver and some curiosity!? Well obviously you would crack it open and try to figure it out. I have to admit, we would probably have opened them before they were even broke. That is exactly what I did.
[sc name=”begin_of_toc”]
  • SMPS schematic using IC2003
  • SMPS schematic using IC KA7500
  • SMPS schematic using TL494 and LM339
  • Datasheets
  • Links
  • [sc name=”end_of_toc”]
    When I had a couple of them lying around, I cracked them open and after a few days, fixed some of them. It was actually much easier done than said. But one bad thing about SMPS repairs is that there aren’t any good resources out there on the web. (OK may be there are, but I failed to find some). That is why I decided to make a series of posts with my repair notes, schematics and stuff I have learned through opening those bricks. Being the first post, this is the schematic post. You can grab the schematics available on the net here. Please send me a link if you have found a new schematic and I will add it here.

    The Schematics

    There are two circuits commonly available for PC ATX SMPS.
    • Based on IC2003
    • Based on KA7500
    • Based on TL494 and  LM339
    KA7500 and TL494 are pin to pin compatible PWM controllers. There are only minimal differences in their specs. The major difference being for the TI one TL494 DTC offset voltage is 0.1V where as for KA7500 it is 1.2V.
    Thanks goes to : http://electro-tech.narod.ru

    PC SMPS using IC2003
    SMPS schmatic using IC2003. The cheap Chinese SMPS uses a circuit based on IC2003. The EMI filter and output filters are usually left out, and the components heavily underrated. The schematic is hard to find, not drawn by me.
    This schematic along with the low quality parts is normally seen in Mercury branded SMPS. I have 6 of those lying around. All with blown caps and no EMI filter. EMI filters are not much of a concerns usually for ratings below 350W. But a good engineer /designer will always add an EMI filter.
    The manufacturer has omitted this along with output filter coils to cut costs.
    SMPS-Inductor-repair-2003-schematic.JPG
    Here is an SMPS based on IC2003 after repairs. I found some inductors to add to the output filter, but couldn't find any for the EMI filter at input.
    SMPS schematic using IC2003
    SMPS schematic using IC KA7500
    ATX-SMPS based on TL494 and LM339
    The TL494 LM39 combination was the most widely used one till recently.
    Click on the images to enlarge. If you know anything about Switching Power supplies, the schematics are quiet obvious. They are simple. Include simple protections and have very few components.

    How To Root Android Phone Easily 2016 (Latest) - Full Guide


    How To Root Android Phone Easily (Latest) 2016 - Full Guide

    Today We will back with our new topic on How To Root Android Phone With/Without PC 2016, So Lets Start with intriducing about Rooting and why it is necessary for Android Phone.

    23_rootandroid
    How To Root Android Phone Easily 2016 (Latest) - Full Guide

     What Is Android Rooting ?

    Android Rooting is jailbreaking for Androids and allows users to dive deeper into a phone’s sub-system. Essentially, it’ll allow you to access the entire operating system and be able to customize just about anything on your Android. With root access, you can get around any restrictions that your manufacturer or carrier may have applied. You can run more apps.
    Of course, for the average user, rooting sounds like -- and can be -- a scary process. After all, "rooting" around in your smartphone's core software might seem like a recipe for disaster. One wrong move and you could end up with bricked handset.
    The process requires users to back up current software and flash (install) a new custom ROM (modified version of Android).


    #Benefits Of Android Rooting :-

    1. Boost your Phone speed & Battery Life.
    2. Remove Pre installed crap ware like System Apps.
    3. Remove Bloatwares, Apps like Facebook, Chrome Keep sucking your Ram & battery by running in background So, Among the smartphone geek crowd, applications like these are referred to as “bloatware:” they do nothing but bloat the software by existing as unnecessary applications.
    4. Tweak your phone like : Increase Video streaming speed, Increase Wifi Speed, Increase SIM detecting Speed, Increase SD read/write speed.
    5. Most Important & Best part, Install Custom Kernel & Custom ROMS ( I will explain about it in Installing Custom ROM section Custom ROM section )
    6. Finally, Truly Own your Device, Make it appear in the way you want.

    #Preparing your phone for Rooting -

    First Open Settings on your device. If  you do not see Developer Options toward the bottom of the Settings screen on your device, follow these steps to activate them.
    1. Tap on About Phone and find the Build Number.
    2. Tap on the Build Number seven times and the Developer Options will appear on the main page of the Settings.
    3. Tap on the Back key to see the Developer Options.
    4. Tap on Developer Options.
    5. Check to enable USB Debugging.
    6. Check to enable OEM Unlocking. 

    Root Android Phone With/Without PC Easily

    Root Android Phone using KingRoot Android Root App

    #What is kingroot Android App?

    Kingo Android ROOT is a software, programmed by years of dedicate development, which can help Android users to root their devices in the easiest and safest manner.There are many other softwares to root android devices but here mukeshtricks4u gives you full guide about Kingo Android App.It is free of any charges, risks and preparations.
    #Precaution @ If you are using any Antivirus Application on your Computer, then disable it first then follow the tutorial.

    #Steps To Root Android Phone

       1.  Download KingRoot Free
     
       2. Enable USB debugging mode on your phone. If it's running Android 4.0 or 4.1, tap Settings, Developer Options, then tick the box for "USB debugging.
    Steps To Unable USB debugging - Enable USB debugging mode on your phone. If it's running Android 4.0 or 4.1, tap Settings, Developer Options, then tick the box for "USB debugging.
    proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fi.imgur.com%2F6AsLHJ7


    Press OK to Save the setting change.
              
       3. Run Android Root on your PC, then connect your phone via its USB sync cable. After a moment, the former should show a connection to the latter. Your device screen may show an "Allow USB debugging?" pop-up. Tick "Always allow from this computer," then tap OK
       This tutorial is all about KINGOROOT app. bt due to some restrictions i change kingoroot to KINGROOT App. its also easy to use. DOwnload king root from above link.

    proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fi.imgur.com%2FRwxVlxs

      4. As the kingo android root is connected with your android phone it will detect your phone automatically
      5. Now Click on ROOT Button to start Rooting.

      6. Its All done , your android phone is rooted successfully.

    Hack Facebook Account Using Backtrack 5R3 (Latest) 2016

    Now A days Facebook Hacking Is Not Easy. but we are here to help you by teaching some methods of facebook hacking.So today Mukeshtricks4u.com Going To Teach You How To Hack Facebook Account Using linux Backtrack 5r3. On This New Year Of 2016.we Will Tech You Some More Easiest Methods To Hack Facebook Account.



    MHER1iA


    #StepsTo Hack Facebook Account

    #1.Install Backtrack From Official Site After Installation, Open your backtrack 5R3’s terminal and type : 
    cd /pentest/exploits/set 







    scr1

    #2. Now Type On Opened Terminal And type: ./set to open "Social Engineering Tool kit".


    .set

    #3. After SET Opening Select 1st Option 
    "1) Social Engineering Attacks"
    Type "1" and Hit Enter.


    1+Social+Engineering+attacks

    #4.Now Select Option 2 
    "2) Website Attack Vectors"


    scr4

    #5.Now just Select 4th Option 
    "4 Tabnabbing Attack Method"


    scr5

    #6.Now Select Option 2 
    "2) Site Cloner"



    scr6

    #7.Now Here you Need to Add your IP,


    scr8

    #8.Now Here you need to add the URL of  FB
    Note: if you want to hack Facebook then put here Facebook URL.
    scr9

    #9. Just Hit Enter


    Scr10


    #10.Paste Your IP in Address bar and Page  should be look like this..


    login

    When Victim Log in to your Page Details will come here.. 

    result

    if you want to Know your IP Open new Terminal and type: ifconfig
    I
    scr7
    Facebook Hacking By Mukeshtricks4u.com



    Warning- This Post Is Posted Only For Educational Purpose
    Under Policy Of Cyber Security.

    So Above Is All About Facebook Hacking Using Backtrack 5r3. By this method You can easily Hack Any Facebook Or Other  Accounts. So Guyz Hit Comment Below If You Have any query about this Hack.
    Mukeshtricks4u.com Not take Any Responsibility of any Cyber Crime and We Serve to Tech You About Tech or Cyber World. Be Safe Be Smart